Perilous Question Read online

30.Clive, p. 153

  31.Somerville, pp. 92–3

  32.Greville, II, p. 135

  Chapter Six: King as angel

  1.Creevey, II, p. 226

  2.Arbuthnot, II, p. 417

  3.Brock, p. 187

  4.Hansard, House of Commons 12 April 1831

  5.Hansard, House of Commons 2 March 1831; The Times, 9 December 1830

  6.Wicks, p. 69

  7.Wicks, p. 69

  8.Grey Correspondence, I, p. 136

  9.Mahon, Stanhope MSS, C305/1

  10.Brock, p. 186

  11.Cockburn, I, p. 317

  12.Croker, II, p. 112; Le Marchant, p. 92

  13.Brock, p. 182

  14.DNB 2004, R.H. Vetch, rev. K.D. Reynolds, ‘Taylor, Sir Herbert’

  15.Grey Correspondence, I, pp. 237–8

  16.Grey Correspondence, I, p. 234, note

  17.Trevelyan, Grey, p. 295

  18.Brougham, p. 116

  19.Reid, I, p. 258

  20.Hansard, House of Commons 22 April 1831

  21.Broughton, p. 105

  22.Cockburn, I, p. 318; Greville, II, p. 139

  23.Trevelyan, Grey, App. F, pp. 382–4

  24.Greville, II, p. 139

  25.Ziegler, William IV, p. 187

  26.Queen Adelaide’s Diary, p. 123, 22 April 1831; Hopkirk, p. 110

  27.Brock, p. 181

  28.Liverpool Chronicle, 7 May 1831

  29.Knowles, King Alfred, V. iii

  30.Robinson, p. 300; H. of C., V, p. 266

  31.Longford, pp. 267–8

  32.WND, VII, p. 440

  33.Ferguson, pp. 241–2

  Chapter Seven: Away went Gilpin

  1.The Times, 29 April 1831

  2.Brock, p. 18

  3.DNB 2004, K.D. Reynolds, ‘First Earl of Munster’

  4.Ziegler, William IV, p. 158

  5.ibid.

  6.Begent and Chesshyre, p. 74

  7.WND, VII, p. 449; Lieven, II, p. 222; Arbuthnot, II, p. 420

  8.The Times, 23 May 1831

  9.H. of C., VII, p. 239; Hansard, House of Commons 18 February 1830; Brock, p. 149

  10.Althorp Letters, p. 155

  11.Huxley, pp. 97–8

  12.Prest, p. 43

  13.Brock, p. 49

  14.Moss, p. 196

  15.Wicks, p. 71; Sadleir, p. 160

  16.Pearce, p. 156

  17.Brock, p. 211

  18.Morley, p. 70

  19.WND, VII, p. 451

  20.Holland Diaries, p. 17

  21.Pearce, p. 151

  22.Brown, p. 167

  23.Hansard, House of Commons 24 June 1831

  24.Moss, p. 197

  25.Hansard, House of Commons 6 July 1831

  26.Trevelyan, Macaulay, I, p. 223

  27.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 110; Hawkins, p. 95

  28.Le Marchant, p. 345

  29.Le Marchant, pp. 325 et seq.

  30.Holland Diaries, p. 17

  31.Holland Diaries, p. 21; Aspinall, Diaries, p. 107

  32.Trevelyan, William IV, no. xxi

  33.Watkins, p. 695

  34.Grey Correspondence, I, p. 310

  35.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 126

  36.Le Marchant, p. 340

  Chapter Eight: Confound their politics

  1.The Times, 5 September 1831

  2.Moss, p. 198

  3.Greville, II, p. 160; Trevelyan, Macaulay, I, p. 244

  4.Strong, p. 372

  5.Strong, p. 378

  6.Greville, II, p. 197

  7.Hansard, House of Commons 20 September 1831;Macbeth, III. i

  8.Le Marchant, p. 120; H. of C., IV, pp. 426 et seq.; DNB 2004, Marc Baer, ‘Burdett, Sir Francis’

  9.Le Marchant, p. 347

  10.DNB 2004, Philip J. Salmon, ‘Parkes, Joseph’

  11.Buckley, p. 73

  12.Melbourne Papers, pp. 129–30

  13.H. of C., VI, pp. 6 et seq.

  14.Hansard, House of Lords 3 October 1831

  15.Trevelyan, Grey, p. 306; Aspinall, Diaries, p. 135; Cecil, Melbourne, p. 257

  16.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 140

  17.The Times, 4 October 1831

  18.Grey MSS, Box 34

  19.Wallas, pp. 263–4; Hobsbawm and Rudé, p. 158; Trevelyan, Grey, p. 290

  20.Moss, p. 202; Hamburger, pp. 132–9

  21.Hamburger, p. 132, note 21

  22.The Times, 6 October 1831

  23.The Times, 5 October 1831

  24.Hansard, House of Lords 5–6 October 1831

  25.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 95

  26.Hansard, House of Lords 7 October 1831

  27.Ibid.

  28.Lee, p. 134

  29.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 143; p. 147; Trevelyan, Grey, p. 308

  30.Trevelyan, Grey, p. 310; Arbuthnot, II, p. 430

  31.Somerville, p. 152

  32.Granville, p. 114; Le Marchant, p. 354

  Chapter Nine: What have the Lords done?

  1.BL Add. MSS 27, 790 fols. 39–47; Wallas, p. 275, note 2

  2.Smith, Reform, p. 92; p. 97

  3.O’Gorman, Eighteenth Century, p. 362

  4.Poor Man’s Guardian, 15 October 1831

  5.Somerville, p. 157

  6.Hopkirk, pp. 128–9

  7.Queen Adelaide’s Diary, p. 161, 10 October 1831

  8.Arbuthnot, II, p. 431

  9.The Times, 10 October 1831

  10.Trevelyan, Grey, p. 317; p. 355

  11.Trevelyan, Grey, p. 317

  12.The Times, 7 October 1831

  13.Hansard, House of Commons 13 October 1831

  14.H. of C., V, pp. 185 et seq.

  15.Brock, p. 167

  16.BL Add. MSS 27, 790 fols 39–47; Vernon, pp. 212–13

  17.Wallas, p. 275, note 2; Butler, p. 294; BL Add. MSS 35, 149

  18.Broughton, p. 148; Butler, pp. 293–4; Wallas, p. 278

  19.BL Add. MSS 35, 149

  20.Clarke, Grote, pp. 37 et seq.; Grote, p. 64

  21.Eastlake, Grote, pp. 72–3; p. 16

  22.Buckley, p. 10

  23.Wallas, pp. 280 et seq.

  24.Frampton, pp. 300 et seq.

  25.Sherborne Journal, October 1831

  26.Butler, pp. 297–9

  27.Hamburger, pp. 154–7

  28.Lyttelton, pp. 264–5

  29.Trevelyan, William IV, no. XXIII

  30.Grey Correspondence, I, p. 381

  31.Armitage, ‘A Patriot’, pp. 403 et seq.

  32.Watkins, Introduction

  33.Bolingbroke’s Writings, p. 82

  34.Grey Correspondence, I, pp. 381–2

  35.Grey Correspondence, I, pp. 382–5

  36.Russell, I, p. 26

  37.Fonblanque, p. 122

  38.Hansard, House of Lords 20 October 1831

  Chapter Ten: A scene of desolation

  1.Hamburger, p. 161

  2.Eagles, p. 68; The Times, 1 November 1831; Aspinall, Diaries, p. 153; Trevelyan, Grey, p. 320

  3.Brock, p. 253

  4.Grey Correspondence, I, p. 394; Eagles, p. 79; Hamburger, p. 165; Huxley, p. 100

  5.The Times, 1 November 1831; Le Marchant, p. 366

  6.Tomalin, Dickens, pp. 46–7

  7.Hamburger, p. 212, note 22; p. 216; Cannon, pp. 223 et seq.

  8.Somerville, p. 152

  9.Evans, p. 54; Gash, Peel, pp. 23–4

  10.Rutland MSS

  11.ibid.

  12.Fraser, Gunpowder Plot, pp. 554 et seq.

  13.Longford, p. 270; Smith, Reform, p. 108

  14.Frampton, pp. 382–3

  15.WND, VIII, p. 35; p. 42

  16.Grey Correspondence, I, p. 431

  17.Le Marchant, p. 374; Butler, p. 324

  18.Moss, p. 205

  19.Hamburger, p. 94

  20.The Times, 6 December 1831; Hansard, House of Lords 6 December 1831

  21.Le Marchant, p. 376, note

  22.Hansard, House of Commons 12 December 1831

  23.Russell, Collections, p. 13

  24.Cannon, pp. 228–9

  25.G.E.C.,
VI, p. 332, note e

  26.Cannon, pp. 228–9; The Times, 13 December 1831; Hansard, House of Commons 17 December 1831

  27.Hansard, House of Commons 17 December 1831

  28.Hansard, House of Commons 14 December 1831

  29.Holland Diaries, p. 86

  30.Hansard, House of Commons 16 December 1831; 17 December 1831

  31.Brightfield, p. 61

  32.Hansard, House of Commons 17 December 1831

  33.Buckley, p. 89

  Chapter Eleven: The fearful alternative

  1.Butler, p. 329

  2.Holland Diaries, pp. 97–8

  3.Somerset, Queen Anne, p. 463

  4.H. of C., VII, p. 241

  5.Butler, pp. 329–30, note 4

  6.Russell, Collections, p. 44; Aspinall, Diaries, p. 171

  7.Holland Diaries, p. 87; Butler, p. 329

  8.Holland Diaries, p. 103

  9.Grey Correspondence, II, p. 39

  10.Grey Correspondence, II, p. 42; Clive, pp. 170–1, note 62

  11.Trevelyan, Grey, pp. 331 et seq.

  12.Stirling, p. 191

  13.Grey Correspondence, II, pp. 68–73

  14.Grey Correspondence, II, pp. 74–9

  15.Grey Correspondence, II, pp. 96–102

  16.Grey Correspondence, II, pp. 108–15

  17.Hansard, House of Commons 17 January 1832

  18.Grey Correspondence, II, p. 159

  19.The Times, 10 December 1831

  20.Pearce, p. 227; Butler, p. 338

  21.WND, VIII, p. 144; p. 155

  22.Holland Diaries, p. 127

  23.Hansard, House of Commons 26 January 1832

  24.Hunt, p. 14

  Chapter Twelve: Bouncing Bill

  1.Butler, p. 345

  2.Creevey, II, p. 241

  3.Figaro in London, 1 February 1832

  4.Hopkirk, p. 111

  5.Somerset, William IV, p. 140

  6.WND, VIII, pp. 165–6

  7.Trevelyan, Macaulay, I, p. 191

  8.Holland Diaries, pp. 146–7

  9.Butler, p. 349, note 1

  10.Spencer, Spencer Family, p. 196; Broughton, pp. 189–90

  11.Pearce, p. 234

  12.Le Marchant, pp. 403–6

  13.Le Marchant, pp. 407–13

  14.Hansard, House of Commons 21 March 1832; Aspinall, Diaries, p. 213

  15.White, pp. 362–3; Rowe, p. 73; Croker, II, p. 149

  16.Poor Man’s Guardian, 15 March 1832

  17.Vernon, p. 216; Rowe, p. 76

  18.The Times, 4 April 1832; 10 April 1832

  19.Le Marchant, p. 414

  20.Wallas, p. 294

  21.Holland Diaries, p. 160

  22.Grey Correspondence, II, p. 327

  23.Grey Correspondence, II, pp. 327–8

  24.Hansard, House of Lords 9 April 1832; Aspinall, Diaries, p. 222; Le Marchant, p. 418; Trevelyan, Grey, p. 335

  25.Lieven-Palmerston, p. 35; The Times, 12 April 1832

  26.Hansard, House of Lords 11 April 1832

  27.Holland Diaries, p. 168

  28.Hansard, House of Lords 13 April 1832

  29.Reid, I, p. 284

  30.Smith, Reform, p. 112

  Chapter Thirteen: Seventh of May

  1.Buckley, p. 91

  2.Poor Man’s Guardian, 19 March 1832

  3.Hansard, House of Lords 7 May 1832

  4.Holland Diaries, p. 176

  5.Broughton, p. 218

  6.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 240

  7.Butler, p. 368; Buckley, p. 95

  8.Martineau, pp. 464–5

  9.The Times, 8 May 1832; Hamburger, p. 132, note 21

  10.Hamburger, pp. 132–9; Hunt, p. 18

  11.Dent, pp. 360 et seq.

  12.Somerville, p. 155

  13.The Times, 9 May 1832

  14.Haydon, p. 620

  15.Moss, pp. 215–16

  16.Buckley, p. 96; Adam Zamoyski to author

  17.Trevelyan, Grey, p. 339

  18.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 240; Creevey, II, p. 245

  19.Brougham, p. 192

  20.Le Marchant, pp. 425–6

  21.Grey Correspondence, II, pp. 395–6

  22.Hansard, House of Lords 9 May 1832

  23.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 247

  24.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 246

  25.The Times, 10 May 1832; Trevelyan, Grey, pp. 341–2

  26.Creevey, II, p. 245; Aspinall, Diaries, p. 241

  27.Creevey, II, p. 246

  28.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 246

  29.The Times, 16 May 1832

  30.Morning Chronicle, 9 May 1832

  31.Hansard, House of Commons 10 May 1832

  32.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 246; p. 247; Lee, p. 97; p. 132

  33.Croker, II, p. 153

  34.Lee, p. 151; WND, VIII, p. 304

  35.Lee, p. 152

  36.Trevelyan, Grey, p. 342

  37.Ferguson, pp. 244–5

  38.Wallas, pp. 309 et seq.

  Chapter Fourteen: Prithee return to me

  1.The Satirist, 13 May 1832

  2.The Times, 14 May 1832

  3.Trevelyan, Grey, p. 342; DNB 2004, R.J.W. Selleck, ‘Shuttleworth, Sir James’

  4.Somerset, William IV, p. 163

  5.Trevelyan, Grey, App. H., p. 389

  6.Le Marchant, p. 430

  7.Hansard, House of Commons 14 May 1832

  8.Trevelyan, Grey, App. H., p. 389

  9.Broughton, p. 226

  10.Lieven-Palmerston, p. 35

  11.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 254

  12.Grey Correspondence, II, p. 406

  13.Grey Correspondence, II, pp. 418–19

  14.Bristol Mercury, 13 May 1832

  15.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 260

  16.Hansard, House of Lords 17 May 1832; Grey Correspondence, II, pp. 422–3

  17.Grey Correspondence, II, pp. 423–4; Lieven, p. 352

  18.Grey Correspondence, II, p. 425

  19.Eastlake, p. 73

  20.Morning Chronicle, 18 May 1832; Wallas, pp. 314–15

  21.Grey Correspondence, II, p. 430

  22.Grey Correspondence, II, pp. 434–5

  23.Grey Correspondence, II, p. 436

  24.Grey Correspondence, II, pp. 438–9

  25.Moss, p. 224

  26.Moss, p. 225

  27.The Times, 16 May 1832

  28.Wallas, pp. 321 et seq.

  Chapter Fifteen: Bright day of liberty

  1.The Times, 22 May 1832

  2.Moss, pp. 225–6

  3.Birmingham Journal, 2 June 1832

  4.Aspinall, Diaries, p. 268

  5.Hansard, House of Lords 22 May 1832

  6.Longford, p. 277

  7.Creevey, II, p. 247

  8.Brougham, p. 276

  9.Grey Correspondence, II, p. 450

  10.Hansard, House of Lords 4 June 1832

  11.WND, VIII, p. 356

  12.Hansard, House of Lords 4 June 1832

  13.Creevey, II, p. 247

  14.Stewart, p. 276

  15.Butler, p. 415, note 5; Creevey, II, p. 247; The Times, 7 June 1832

  16.Smith, Reform, p. 139

  17.Figaro in London, 2 June 1832

  18.Le Marchant, p. 438

  19.Holland Diaries, p. 190

  20.Le Marchant, pp. 436–7

  21.The Times, 8 June 1832

  Epilogue: This great national exploit

  1.Stewart, pp. 247–8; Clive, p. 216

  2.Haydon, pp. 622–32

  3.Tomalin, Dickens, p. 44

  4.People’s History Museum, Manchester

  5.Tyrconnel Diary, 23 July 1832

  6.Swindells, p. 1

  7.WND, VIII, p. 361; Wordsworth Letters, V, pp. 500–1

  8.Grey Correspondence, II, pp. 449–50

  9.Grey Correspondence, II, p. 472

  10.Ziegler, William IV, p. 277

  11.Briggs, ‘Attwood’, pp. 205 et seq.; DNB 2004, Clive Behagg, ‘Attwood, Thomas’

  12.Clive, p. 221

  13.DNB 2004, Philip J. Salmon, ‘Parkes, Joseph’
/>
  14.Buckley, p. 114

  15.General Election, 1832

  16.O’Gorman, Voters, Table 4.3, p. 179

  17.Hilton, p. 421

  18.O’Gorman, Eighteenth Century, p. 388; see Salmon, App. 1, ‘The Re-distribution of English and Welsh Seats in 1832’, pp. 251–2

  19.Hamburger, p. 48; George Eliot, Middlemarch, Ch. LI

  20.Pearson, p. 150; Brock, p. 282; p. 332

  21.Holland Diaries, p. 105

  22.Hoock, pp. 254–70; Hansard, House of Commons 23 July 1832

  23.Figaro in London, 9 June 1832

  24.Kelly, Holland House, p. 212

  25.Mitchell, Whig World, p. 152; Martin Gilbert to author; Churchill, pp. 34–43; Stirling, p. 200

  26.Tocqueville, p. 67; pp. 70–1

  27.Brock, p. 201

  28.Smith, Grey, pp. 2 et seq.

  29.Creevey, II, p. 301

  30.Trevelyan, Macaulay, I, p. 242

  31.Cannadine, ‘The Palace of Westminster’, p. 13; Hastings, p. 121, note 1; Shenton, pp. 101 et seq.

  32.Shenton, p. 235; Ziegler, William IV, p. 251

  33.Briggs, ‘Attwood’, p. 200

  34.Rowe, p. 95; Hilton, p. 426

  35.Clive, p. 182

  36.Broughton, p. 242

  SOURCES

  This list gives bibliographical details of all books cited in the References.

  Place of publication is London, and edition is hardback, unless otherwise stated.

  The proceedings of the Houses of Parliament are given by dates of entry, which applies equally to hardback and online publication.

  Allen, W. Gore, King William IV, 1960

  [Althorp Letters] Letters of Lord Althorp, privately printed

  [Arbuthnot] The Journal of Mrs Arbuthnot 1820–1832, ed. Francis Bamford and the Duke of Wellington, 2 vols, 1950

  Armitage, David, ‘A Patriot for Whom? The Afterlives of Bolingbroke’s Patriot King’, Journal of British Studies, vol. 36, 1997

  Aspinall, Arthur, Lord Brougham and the Whig Party, Manchester, 1927

  Aspinall, A., Politics and the Press. c. 1780–1850, 1949

  Aspinall, A., ed., Three Early Nineteenth Century Diaries, 1952

  Aspinall, A., ‘The Reporting and the Publishing of the House of Commons’ debates. 1771–1834’, see Pares and Taylor

  Auden, W.H., ed. and introd., Selected Writings of Sydney Smith, New York, 1956

  Bagehot, Walter, ‘Lord Althorp and the Reform Act of 1832’, in The Works and Life of Walter Bagehot, vol. 7, 1915

  Barlow, P.J., ‘Benjamin Robert Haydon and the Radicals’, The Burlington Magazine, vol. 99, 1957

  [BBC History], http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/bloodlines/workinglife.shtml?entry=swing_riots&theme=workinglife

  Begent, J. and Chesshyre, Hubert, The Most Noble Order of the Garter: 650 Years, 1999

  [BL] British Library MSS

  Bolingbroke’s Political Writings. The Conservative Enlightenment, ed. Bernard Cottret, New York, 1997

  Briggs, Asa, ‘Thomas Attwood and the Economic Background of the Birmingham Political Union’, Cambridge Historical Journal, vol. 9, 1948